Overhydration: A cause or an effect of kidney damage and how to treat it

Volume overload can be both the cause and effect of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Overhydration often accompanies renal insufficiency. In cardiovascular (CVD), fluid also function impairment. Beside salt restriction, loop diuretics are first-line therapy. Frequently developed resistance overcome by switching to intravenous administration, adding albumin alone or in combination with other diuretics. Transient factors like infection contrast media impair diuretic response contribute congestion. Apart from conservative management, ultrafiltration (UF) peritoneal dialysis (PD) used. huge congestion inadequate effect, hemodialysis UF plays an important role as a temporary permanent remedy. An increasing amount data indicates that sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have allowed for breakthrough controlling volume diabetic non-diabetic patients CKD. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 show cardioand renoprotective effects positive impact on hard endpoints.